Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein (Tgfb1), partial, rat, recombinant

Organism: Rattus norvegicus (Rat). Source: Baculovirus. Expression Region: 30-278aa. Protein Length: Partial. Tag Info: N-terminal 6xHis-tagged. Target Protein Sequence: LSTCKTIDME LVKRKRIEAI RGQILSKLRL ASPPSQGEVP PGPLPEAVLA LYNSTRDRVA GESADPEPEP EADYYAKEVT RVLMVDRNNA IYDKTKDITH SIYMFFNTSD IREAVPEPPL LSRAELRLQR FKSTVEQHVE LYQKYSNNSW RYLGNRLLTP TDTPEWLSFD VTGVVRQWLN QGDGIQGFRF SAHCSCDSKD NVLHVEINGI SPKRRGDLGT IHDMNRPFLL LMATPLERAQ HLHSSRHRR. Purity: Greater than 85% as determined by SDS-PAGE. Endotoxin: Not test. Biological Activity: n/a. Form: Liquid or Lyophilized powder. Buffer: If the delivery form is liquid, the default storage buffer is Tris/PBS-based buffer, 5%-50% glycerol. If the delivery form is lyophilized powder, the buffer before lyophilization is Tris/PBS-based buffer, 6% Trehalose, pH 8.0. Reconstitution: We recommend that this vial be briefly centrifuged prior to opening to bring the contents to the bottom. Please reconstitute protein in deionized sterile water to a concentration of 0.1-1.0 mg/mL.We recommend to add 5-50% of glycerol (final concentration) and aliquot for long-term storage at -20 °C/-80 °C. Our default final concentration of glycerol is 50%. Customers could use it as reference. Storage: The shelf life is related to many factors, storage state, buffer ingredients, storage temperature and the stability of the protein itself. Generally, the shelf life of liquid form is 6 months at -20 °C/-80 °C. The shelf life of lyophilized form is 12 months at -20 °C/-80 °C. Notes: Repeated freezing and thawing is not recommended. Store working aliquots at 4 °C for up to one week. Relevance: Transforming growth factor beta-1: Multifunctional protein that regulates the growth and differentiation of various cell types and is involved in various processes, such as normal development, immune function, microglia function and responses to neurodegeneration . Activation into mature form follows different steps: following cleavage of the proprotein in the Golgi apparatus, Latency-associated peptide and Transforming growth factor beta-1 chains remain non-covalently linked rendering TGF-beta-1 inactive during storage in extracellular matrix . At the same time, LAP chain interacts with 'milieu molecules', such as LTBP1, LRRC32/GARP and LRRC33/NRROS that control activation of TGF-beta-1 and maintain it in a latent state during storage in extracellular milieus. TGF-beta-1 is released from LAP by integrins : integrin-binding to LAP stabilizes an alternative conformation of the LAP bowtie tail and results in distortion of the LAP chain and subsequent release of the active TGF-beta-1 . Once activated following release of LAP, TGF-beta-1 acts by binding to TGF-beta receptors , which transduce signal . While expressed by many cells types, TGF-beta-1 only has a very localized range of action within cell environment thanks to fine regulation of its activation by Latency-associated peptide chain and 'milieu molecules' . Plays an important role in bone remodeling: acts as a potent stimulator of osteoblastic bone formation, causing chemotaxis, proliferation and differentiation in committed osteoblasts . Can promote either T-helper 17 cells or regulatory T-cells lineage differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner . At high concentrations, leads to FOXP3-mediated suppression of RORC and down-regulation of IL-17 expression, favoring Treg cell development . At low concentrations in concert with IL-6 and IL-21, leads to expression of the IL-17 and IL-23 receptors, favoring differentiation to Th17 cells . Stimulates sustained production of collagen through the activation of CREB3L1 by regulated intramembrane proteolysis . Mediates SMAD2/3 activation by inducing its phosphorylation and subsequent translocation to the nucleus. Can induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cell migration in various cell types . Reference: "Activation of rat alveolar macrophage-derived latent transforming growth factor beta-1 by plasmin requires interaction with thrombospondin-1 and its cell surface receptor, CD36." Yehualaeshet T., O'Connor R., Green-Johnson J., Mai S., Silverstein R., Murphy-Ullrich J.E., Khalil N. Am. J. Pathol. 155:841-851(1999). Function: nan