Monotropein

Monotropein is an iridoid glycoside originally isolated from M. officinalis roots and has diverse biological activities. It increases cell viability and migration of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (BM-EPCs) when used at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1,000 µM. Monotropein inhibits apoptosis and reduces levels of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and MMP-13 in chondrocytes. It inhibits LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB and reduces COX-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta mRNA expression in RAW 264.7 cells. Monotropein (100 and 200 mg/kg) reduces colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, COX-2 and iNOS mRNA expression, and disease severity in a mouse model of ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, Cay-23250). It increases bone mineral content, bone mineral density, and improves bone microstructure in ovariectomized mice when administered at doses of 40 or 80 mg/kg. Monotropein (20 and 30 mg/kg) reduces acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. It also decreases macrophage infiltration and wound healing time and increases blood vessel formation in a rat model of wound healing.Formal Name: (1S,4aS,7R,7aS)-1-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-1,4a,7,7a-tetrahydro-7-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid. CAS Number: 5945-50-6. Synonyms: NSC 291303, NSC 88926. Molecular Formula: C16H22O11. Formula Weight: 390.3. Purity: >98%. Formulation: (Request formulation change), A crystalline solid. lambdamax: 236 nm. SMILES: OC[C@@]1(O)C=C[C@]2([H])C(C(O)=O)=CO[C@@H](O[C@]3([H])O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]3O)[C@@]21[H]. InChi Code: InChI=1S/C16H22O11/c17-3-8-10(19)11(20)12(21)15(26-8)27-14-9-6(1-2-16(9,24)5-18)7(4-25-14)13(22)23/h1-2,4,6,8-12,14-15,17-21,24H,3,5H2,(H,22,23)/t6-,8-,9-,10-,11+,12-,14+,15+,16+/m1/s1. InChi Key: HPWWQPXTUDMRBI-NJPMDSMTSA-N. Origin: Plant/Morindae officinalis radix.