Anti-Thioredoxin Reductase 1 (TRXR1, GRIM-12, KDRF, TR1, TRXRD1, TXNR, TXNRD1)

Thioredoxin reductase 1 (TRXR1) is an ~70kD member of the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family. Human TRXR1 is 649 amino acids (aa) in length. Residues 151-152 constitute a propeptide that is deleted from the mature protein. Splicing variants produce five additional isoforms for human TRXR1. Isoform 2 has a 32aa substitution for aa107-138 and a deletion of aa1-106. Isoform 3 has a deletion of aa1-51 and a 49aa substitution for aa52-100. Isoform 4 is missing aa1­98 and has a 3 aa substitution for aa99-101. Isoform 5 has a deletion of aa1-150. Residues 56-156 make up a glutaredoxin domain, and residues 520-632 constitute a pyridine nucleotide­disulphide oxidoreductase dimerization domain. In addition, there are three phosphotyrosines at positions 161, 163, and 281, and a selenocysteine at position 648. Human TRXR1 shares 74% and 70% aa sequence identity with mouse and rat TRXR1, respectively. Isoform 1 is involved in glutaredoxin activity as well as thioredoxin reductase activity, and it induces actin and tubulin polymerization, which leads to formation of cell membrane protrusions. Isoform 4 has been shown to enhance the transcriptional activity of the beta receptor only. Finally, isoform 5 mediates cell death induced by a combination of interferon-beta and retinoic acid. Isoform 1 is expressed mostly in the Leydig cells, but also in the ovary, spleen, heart, liver, kidney, and pancreas and in a number of cancer cell lines. Isoform 4 is widely expressed with highest levels in the kidney, uterus, testis, ovary, prostate, placenta, and fetal liver. Applications: Suitable for use in ELISA and Western Blot. Other applications not tested. Recommended Dilution: Western Blot: 0.1ug/ml, Optimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher. Storage and Stability: Lyophilized powder may be stored at -20°C. Stable for 12 months at -20°C. Reconstitute with sterile PBS. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Store at -20°C. Reconstituted product is stable for 12 months at -20°C. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap. Further dilutions can be made in assay buffer.