Anti-Erythropoietin (EPO) (Biotin)

Erythropoietin (Epo) is a 34kD glycoprotein hormone in the type I cytokine family and is related to thrombopoietin. Its three N­glycosylation sites, four alpha helices, and N­ to C­terminal disulfide bond are conserved across species. Glycosylation of Epo is required for biological activities in vivo. Mature mouse Epo shares 95% aa sequence identity with rat Epo and 73%-82% with bovine, canine, equine, feline, human, ovine, and porcine Epo. Epo is primarily produced in the kidney by a population of fibroblast­like cortical interstitial cells adjacent to the proximal tubules. It is also produced in much lower, but functionally significant amounts by fetal hepatocytes and in adult liver and brain. Epo promotes erythrocyte formation by preventing the apoptosis of early erythroid precursors which express the Epo receptor (Epo R). Epo R has also been described in brain, retina, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, endothelial cells, and a variety of tumor cells. Ligand induced dimerization of Epo R triggers JAK2­mediated signaling pathways followed by receptor/ligand endocytosis and degradation. Rapid regulation of circulating Epo allows tight control of erythrocyte production and hemoglobin concentrations. Anemia or other causes of low tissue oxygen tension induce Epo production by stabilizing the hypoxia- induceable transcription factors HIF­1alpha and HIF­2alpha. Epo additionally plays a tissue-protective role in ischemia by blocking apoptosis and inducing angiogenesis. Applications: Suitable for use in Western Blot. Other applications not tested. Recommended Dilutions: Western Blot: 0.1ug/ml, Optimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher. Storage and Stability: Lyophilized powder may be stored at -20°C. Stable for 12 months at -20°C. Reconstitute with sterile ddH2O or PBS. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Store at -20°C. Reconstituted product is stable for 12 months at -20°C. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap. Further dilutions can be made in assay buffer.