Ubiquitin (human) (rec.) (Rhodamine 110)

Ubiquitin is a 76 amino acid post-translational modifier expressed throughout all tissues in eukaryotic organisms. The many roles of ubiquitin modification include proteasomal degradation, signal transduction, inflammatory response and DNA damage repair. Ubiquitin modification occurs through a pyramidal cascade of an E1 activating enzyme, E2 conjugating enzymes and an E3 ubiquitin ligase. This enzymatic cascade results in modification of a epsilon-amine of a lysine residue on a substrate protein. Substrates may either be mono- or poly-ubiquitinated by M1, K6, 11, 27, 29, 33, 48 or 63 linkages. Removal of ubiquitin from a substrate protein occurs via deconjugating enzymes, of which there are nearly 100 known enzymes with various specificities.